In this paper, we propose an Energy-Aware Cross-Layer Communication and Computation Optimization (EACCO) framework to maximize energy efficiency and operational lifetime of indoor Internet of Things (IoT) swarm robotic networks. The method takes into account energy harvesting, adaptive scheduling, communication and computation altogether in a single cross-layer optimization framework. Results of simulation show that EACCO reduced the energy consumed per day to 2.0-2.3 Wh/day and obtained the energy neutral ratio (ENR) of 1.05-1.18, increased the packet delivery ratio (PDR) to 95-97% and increased mission lifetime to 30-36 hours compared to other energy-only, EDF and FIFO schedulers under the same operating conditions. The results show the effectiveness of EACCO to design reliable, energy neutral and sustainable indoor IoT swarm robotic systems.
Keywords
Indoor Internet of Things, Swarm Robotics, Cross-Layer Optimization, Energy Harvesting, Energy Neutrality, Adaptive Scheduling, Communication Reliability, Wireless Sensor Networks.
“Multi-Robot systems, swarm robotics and self-organisation,” in Studies in Computational Intelligence, 2008, pp. 23–46, doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-77612-3_3.
K. Przystupa, N. Bernatska, E. Dzhumelia, T. Drzymała, and O. Kochan, “Ensuring energy efficiency of air quality monitoring systems based on Internet of Things technology,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 14, p. 3768, Jul. 2025, doi: 10.3390/en18143768.
S. Li, M. A. Maddah-Ali, Q. Yu, and A. S. Avestimehr, “A fundamental tradeoff between computation and communication in distributed computing,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 109–128, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1109/TIT.2017.2756959.
Ijaz, H. Haghbayan, E. Nigussie, A. Malik, and J. Plosila, “Optimizing communication and computational cost for IoT devices in energy efficient swarm robotics,” Green Technologies and Sustainability, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 100409, May 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.grets.2026.100409.
M. Juneja and S. K. Nagar, “Particle swarm optimization algorithm and its parameters: A review,” in Proc. 2016 Int. Conf. Control, Computing, Communication and Materials (ICCCCM), pp. 1–5, Oct. 2016, doi: 10.1109/ICCCCM.2016.7918233.
L. Ingber and B. Rosen, “Genetic algorithms and very fast simulated reannealing: A comparison,” Mathematical and Computer Modelling, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 87–100, Nov. 1992, doi: 10.1016/0895-7177(92)90108-W.
Y. Rahmat-Samii, “Genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) in engineering electromagnetics,” in Proc. 17th Int. Conf. Applied Electromagnetics and Communications (ICECom), pp. 1–5, Jul. 2004, doi: 10.1109/ICECOM.2003.1290941.
M. A. Ameen, S. M. R. Islam, and K. Kwak, “Energy saving mechanisms for MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks,” Int. J. Distributed Sensor Networks, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 163413, Jan. 2010, doi: 10.1155/2010/163413.
T. Ouyang, X. Chen, L. Zeng, and Z. Zhou, “Cost-aware dispersed resource probing and offloading at the edge: A user-centric online layered learning approach,” IEEE Trans. Services Computing, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 3270–3285, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.1109/TSC.2024.3489435.
X. Feng, L. Chang, X. Lin, L. Qin, W. Zhang, and L. Yuan, “Distributed computing connected components with linear communication cost,” Distributed and Parallel Databases, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 555–592, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10619-018-7232-6.
S. Darvishpoor, A. Darvishpour, M. Escarcega, and M. Hassanalian, “Nature-inspired algorithms from oceans to space: A comprehensive review of heuristic and meta-heuristic optimization algorithms and their potential applications in drones,” Drones, vol. 7, no. 7, p. 427, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.3390/drones7070427.
G. Gad, “Particle swarm optimization algorithm and its applications: A systematic review,” Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 2531–2561, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s11831-021-09694-4.
M. Dorigo et al., “Swarmanoid: A novel concept for the study of heterogeneous robotic swarms,” IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 60–71, Sep. 2013, doi: 10.1109/MRA.2013.2252996.
H. Rasouli, Y. S. Kavian, and H. F. Rashvand, “ADCA: Adaptive duty cycle algorithm for energy efficient IEEE 802.15.4 beacon-enabled wireless sensor networks,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 3893–3902, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2014.2353574.
D. Wu, J. He, H. Wang, C. Wang, and R. Wang, “A hierarchical packet forwarding mechanism for energy harvesting wireless sensor networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 92–98, Aug. 2015, doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2015.7180514.
J. Schnidrig, R. Cherkaoui, Y. Calisesi, M. Margni, and F. Maréchal, “On the role of energy infrastructure in the energy transition: Case study of an energy independent and CO2 neutral energy system for Switzerland,” Frontiers in Energy Research, vol. 11, May 2023, doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2023.1164813.
T. Liu, “Bio-inspired enhanced adaptive centered collision optimizer for hyperparameter optimization of Multi-Scale Spatio-Temporal Convnext in boxing action recognition,” Biomimetics, vol. 11, no. 7, p. 497, Jul. 2026, doi: 10.3390/biomimetics11070497.
T. Yang, S. Stiri, and M. R. Palattella, “A correlation-driven approach to IoT data filtering for optimized CEA monitoring and control,” in Proc. 2026 21st Wireless On-Demand Network Systems and Services Conf. (WONS), pp. 17–24, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.23919/WONS68803.2026.11501838.
Y. Pan, C. Zhang, Y. Zeng, H. Yue, Z. Hou, and J. Xiong, “Model partitioning and batch scheduling: Leveraging local resources for cost-efficient device-cloud collaborative serverless inference,” Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 179, p. 108338, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.future.2025.108338.
CRediT Author Statement
The author reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the valuable support provided by the institution throughout the research work.
Funding
No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.
Ethics Declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Availability of Data and Materials
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analysed in this study.
Author Information
Contributions
All authors have equal contribution in the paper and all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding Author
Abdollah Khunjush
Computer Science and Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Fars 71946-84471, Iran.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs is a more restrictive license. It allows you to redistribute the material commercially or non-commercially but the user cannot make any changes whatsoever to the original, i.e. no derivatives of the original work. To view a copy of this license, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Cite this Article
Abdollah Khunjush, “Energy-Aware Optimization of Communication and Computation in Indoor IoT Swarm Networks”, Elaris Computing Nexus, pp. 133-144, 2026, doi: 10.65148/ECN/2026011.